The Basic Skills You Need to Survive in the Outdoors, According to an “Alone” Contestant

Spending time outside comes with plenty of benefits for the mind, body and soul; it’s basically in our DNA, after all. But no matter how idyllic the natural environments, venturing out into the wild comes with its risks. Whether you’re taking a multi-day backpacking trip or just a hike down the road you do every weekend, it pays to be prepared.

We sat down with former Alone contestant and wilderness preparedness expert Mark D’Ambrosio to talk through the basic skills for survival, or as he puts it, wilderness sustainment techniques. In short, how to stay warm, fueled and safe. D’Ambrosio is the founder of International Mountain Survival, where he leads varying levels of courses designed to prepare people for a life spent enjoying the outdoors.

“In the last 100 years, what never used to be considered a ‘survival skill’ now is because we just don’t learn this secondhand,” says D’Ambrosio, who compete on season 7 of the hit History Channel in 2020. “It doesn’t come naturally to us anymore to do things like preserving food or staying warm — that’s just something we always had to do. How to light a fire and stoke a fire. Well now, learning how to start a fire could be a life-saving skill.”

International Mountain Survival

When it comes to “survival,” D’Ambrosio thinks in very specific terms. “When people think of survival, they think of Alone: extended living outdoors, with just a few items,” he says. “That is not survival; it’s just outdoor living. It becomes survival if you get hypothermia out there. Extended survival is more about mindset… and having a lot of luck. What I teach people is basic outdoor tips that anyone can practice to keep themselves safe while exploring to avoid survival.”

What D’Ambrosio instead calls “wilderness sustainment techniques” are practical, effective and can be easily implemented into your outdoor routine. Here are seven essential elements, and some key pieces of gear that will help.

1. Communicate and become familiar with your safety devices.

“Whether that’s a day hike or a multi-day hike, you need to be keeping up with somebody. Don’t go more than 24 hours without somebody knowing that you’re okay. You could be out there, missing for multiple days before search and rescue even knows to start looking for you. The goal is, if you do find yourself in a survival situation (because there are a million ways to get put into one in the wilderness), that somebody can start searching for you as quickly as possible.”

Garmin

Garmin inReach Mini 2

The inReach Mini 2 is a compact satellite communicator with a rechargeable lithium ion battery that can last up to 14 days in default mode. It’s one of our favorite ways to stay connected in remote areas.

Specs

Battery Life	Up to 14 days (default mode: 10-minute tracking, standard activity); up to 5 days (10-minute tracking, high detail activity); up to 30 days (30-minute tracking interval, standard activity)
Weight	3.5 ounces

Pros

• Location accuracy within 3 meters

Cons

• Comes with extra costs outside of the device

• $299 at Amazon
  $400 (25% off)
• $299 at REI
  $400 (25% off)

“For my deep backcountry trips, something that I use religiously is my Garmin Inreach. You gotta make sure you program people’s numbers in there before you go so you can text a buddy or a family member, because that’s your first means of communication. With the Inreach it’s also beneficial to get helicopter insurance: it’s $100 a year and it covers your whole family. I have a buddy, a survivalist instructor, who had to have his kid airlifted and it was a $20,000 ride because he didn’t have helicopter insurance.”

2. Know how to navigate.

“Before you leave, you should download a map. This is huge. We all have phones, let’s use these phones. I love to use onX maps because they cover the entire United States for about $100 a year, [when purchasing all maps] and I can download a map while I’m in service for any state, any area and I can get really detailed maps and download when I need to. With a map downloaded on my phone, I will never get lost.”

OnX Backcountry

onX Backcountry

Designed for remote use, the onX Backcountry app shows trails and public lands, includes offline maps and can help users navigate in remote conditions

Specs

Plans	Premium ($29.99/yearly; Elite ($99.99/yearly)
Uses	Hiking and skiiing

Pros

• Easy to download and start using right away

Cons

• Full access will cost quite a bit more than standard membership

• $29.99 at onxmaps.com

“The main reason people find themselves in ‘survival’ situations is they forget where they’re at, they don’t know where they’re at, they get lost, or something medically happens, like a sprain or cut, or even leg cramps that are extremely bad. So to avoid that, download a map and know where you’re at. And with that, if you’re using your phone and not an actual GPS, you always need to have a battery pack for your phone.”

3. Know how to keep yourself warm.

“Your first line of defense can always be your clothing. Any time you’re traveling, you’re always going to carry your extra warming layer, which can be your shelter if need be, and a fire.”

REI

SOL All Season Blanket

With plenty of functionality and a minimal weight of 16 ounces, the All Season Blanket is a no-brainer to add to your pack. The blanket can be used as an emergency blanket, gear cover, tent tarp, firewood hauler and more.

Specs

Dimensions	7 x 5 feet
Materials	Polyethylene laminate fiber
Weight	16 ounces

Pros

• Doesn't shed

Cons

• Can be misplaced easily if you aren't organized

• $20.95 at REI

“If it starts to rain, you don’t need a tarp; just get under a tree or something else. But all of these things start adding up: potential injury, mixed with not having the right gear out there to spend the night, now we’re putting ourselves in a survival situation. But if we keep our body temperature up and we’re comfortable, now we’re good.”

4. Know how to use a tourniquet.

“Your medical kit can be whatever you want, but at the bare minimum, you need to bring a tourniquet with you. If you’re out hiking and you cut yourself the right way (or the wrong way, depending how you look at it) the difference between life and death is being able to stop the bleeding. That’s a very quick thing. It doesn’t matter if you have an Inreach with you; nobody’s going to get you in time if you hit an artery. Having a tourniquet on you and maybe even some combat gauze isn’t a bad little package to bring with you.”

Amazon

CAT Tourniquet – GEN 7

If you’re going to pick up a tourniquet, make sure it’s one you can trust, like the CAT Tourniquet – GEN 7. As the official tourniquet of the U.S. Army, the CAT has a reputation for consistent and reliable performance.

Specs

Closure Type	Clip,Hook,Loop
Pockets	1
Weight	0.17 pounds

Pros

• Intuitive and easy to use
• Fast to apply solo or to others

Cons

• Requires practice before an emergency

• $32.49 at Amazon

“If people buy tourniquets, then carry it with them and they’ve never put one on, and left one on for five minutes, then they don’t know what it’s going to feel like. Crank that thing all the way down and then pack it. Pack that wound, pack that wound, pack that wound, and then slowly release pressure off the tourniquet to see if it’s going to continue bleeding, or if you packed it enough. Because if you leave that tourniquet on for more than an hour — sometimes you can get a little longer out of that — you’re going to lose that entire limb.”

5. Learn how to treat basic injuries.

“Learn how to treat a basic injury like a sprain; how to wrap a sprain. That’s something that happens very commonly out on the trail. The time you don’t want to learn how to treat a sprain is when it’s your own ankle and no one is with you. Medically speaking, learn how to prevent and treat leg cramps. Wilderness Athlete sells some amazing products that I love using, because every time I’ve used WA, I don’t get leg cramps.”

6. Practice starting a fire.

“Always carry a fire starting device with an accelerant, not just the lighter. A lighter or a ferro rod are great, but if you truly need to use this, you need to be able to light a fire in both wet and dry conditions. So, a fire with an accelerant like Wet Fire — always have that combo on you and you won’t be in a survival situation, you’ll just be in a shitty situation because you’ll have warmth.”

Fireflame

FireFlame Quick Instant Fire Starter

This 100-percent waterproof fire starter is easy to use, light to carry and can burn up to 10 minutes per pouch with a flame of 8-13 inches high.

Specs

Material	Wax
Weight	0.2 ounces

• $27.49 at Amazon

7. Keep yourself hydrated.

“Always have water with you, and if you’re going to do a multi-day hike, have the ability to get water, or know where water is.”

In addition to these outdoor safety basics, D’Ambrosio also mentioned carrying bear spray with you if you’re hiking in bear country, a dependable pocket knife or fixed blade, headlamp and of course, a small pack to keep everything contained and close by. Whether you’re heading out for a multi-day trek or going on your weekly two-mile loop, it always pays to be prepared. The bottom line? Always take the proper precautions, and you’ll drastically reduce the likelihood of getting yourself into a survival situation in the first place.

Check out more information on D’Ambrosio’s survival and outdoor courses here.

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